ĭespite the well-known benefits of PA, the practice of this behavior is very low. Those who exercise suffer from less depression, anxiety, fatigue, and cognitive impairments. There is a similar picture for exercise and mental health outcomes. Interventions designed to increase PA have resulted in profound reductions in physical ailments. Furthermore, those who exercise have fewer incidences of certain types of cancers and more robust immune responses. There is a strong inverse relation between exercise and obesity and diabetes mellitus. Those who exercise have a lower incidence of coronary events and cardiovascular disease. In the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) database, the number of unhealthy days reported by 175,850 adults was inversely associated with PA. The association between physical activity (PA), exercise, and health outcomes is well-established. Preliminary evidence suggests that combining stress management programming with exercise interventions may allay stress-related reductions in PA, though rigorous testing of these techniques has yet to be produced. Consequently, stress may have a differential impact on exercise adoption, maintenance, and relapse. Habitually active individuals exercise more in the face of stress, and those in beginning stages exercise less. Several other factors may moderate stress and PA relationships, such as stages of change for exercise. This should not be surprising as some individuals utilize exercise to cope with stress. Interestingly, some prospective studies (18.2 %) report evidence that PA was positively impacted by stress (behavioral activation). ![]() 85.7 % of higher-quality prospective research (≥7 on a 9-point scale) showed the same trend. Studies examining older adults (>50 years), cohorts with both men and women, and larger sample sizes ( n > 100) were more likely to show an inverse association. a control time point) and (b) chronically stressed populations (e.g., caregivers, parents of children with a cancer diagnosis) that were less likely to be active than controls over time. This was true for research examining (a) PA at periods of objectively varying levels of stress (i.e., final examinations vs. Prospective studies investigating the effects of objective markers of stress nearly all agreed (six of seven studies) that stress has a negative effect on PA. Both objective (i.e., life events) and subjective (i.e., distress) measures of stress related to reduced PA. To more clearly address the question, prospective studies ( n = 55) were considered for further review, the majority of which indicated that psychological stress predicts less PA (behavioral inhibition) and/or exercise or more sedentary behavior (76.4 %). Studies varied widely in their theoretical orientation and included perceived stress, distress, life events, job strain, role strain, and work–family conflict but not lifetime cumulative adversity. The literature search found 168 studies that examined the influence of stress on PA.
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